zip

Zip/Unzip a file

To zip a file.
> gzip  fileName.txt   >  After zipped, the file will have extension 'gz'. Such as fileName.txt.gz

To unzip a file.
> gunzip  fileName with the extention 'gz' , this will unzip the file.

In Progress....

find command in UNIX

find command in UNIX --- searches a file or folder

find  -name  fileName.txt   --- will search the file in the current directory/folder and its sub folders.

or

find  .   -name  fileName.txt  

or

find  ./    -name  fileName.txt  

Output:

./ fileName.txt  

find  ./folder1   -name   fileName.txt  --- will search  the file in folder1  and its sub folders.

Output:

./folder1/ fileName.txt 

find   ./   -name  '*.txt'  --- displays  all the ".txt " files in the present folder and its sub folders.

or

find   -name   '*.txt'

Output:

Output will be something like this :

./file1.txt

./folder1/file2.txt

./folder1/folder2/file3.txt

. ..

find  -empty  ---  search empty files and empty directories, including hidden ones, from present folder and sub folders.

Output:

Output will be something like this :

./file1

./folder1/file2.txt

./folder1/folder2/file3.txt

./folderEmpty

. ..

find   -perm  777   ---  search file with the permission 777 in present folder and sub folders.

Output :

Output will be something like this :

./file1

./folder1/file2.txt

./folder1/folder2/file3.txt

.. ..

ignore case sensitivity :

find  -name  file1

Output  ------    ./file1

find  -name  File1

Output  ------    ./File1

find  -iname  File1

Output  ------   

./file1

./File1

find -type d   ----  finds directories only in present folder and sub folders, includes hidden also.

find -type d -name  'dir*'  --- finds directories in present folder and sub folders , name starting with "dir" , includes non hidden directories inside hidden directories  also but not hidden folder alone.

find  -type  d  -name  '. *'  --- finds  hidden directories only in present folder and sub folders.

To create hidden directory : mkdir  .folderName

To switch to hidden directory : cd .folderName

To switch back from the hidden folder : cd ..

find  -type  f   --- find only files in present folder and sub folders.

find . -type f -name "FileName1" -exec rm -f {} \;  --- deletes the file FileName1 from present directory and its sub directories.

find   -user   Ram   --- finds files and folders belonging to the user Ram in present folder and sub folders, use  " -type  f"  if you want only files.

find   -group  AAA   --- finds files and folders belonging to the group AAA in present folder and sub folders, use  " -type  f"  if you want only files.

file modified/accessed  n days before :

find   .  -type  f   -mtime   5  --- displays files modified  5 days before.

find   .  -type  f   -atime   5  --- displays files accessed   5 days before.

AND operation:

find . -type f -mtime 5  -atime 10

OR operation:

find . -type f -mtime 5  -o   -mtime 10

find   -name   '*.txt'    -o    -name    '*.out'  --- find files with extensions ".txt" or ".out"  from  current directory or sub directories

find   -newer   fileName1   ---  find files newer than fileName1

sed command in UNIX

sed command in UNIX

sed  (Stream Editor):

To convert/replace the character or string , to print the expected lines in the output and more :

Let's create  a file named fileName1 with below contents :

This fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on week days.

This is my  town.

sed  -e   's/This/That/g'   fileName1 --- converts all the "This" to That from the file fileName1.

or

sed  -e   's/This/That/'   fileName1   --- This will convert  first occurance only from each line.

Output:

That fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on week days.

That is my  town.

echo  This  This  This  This | sed  -e  's/This/That/'  ---- This command will replace the first occurance of the word "This" from the line , if more than one line exits then 1st occurance from each line.

Output:

That This This This

echo  This  This  This  This | sed  -e  's/This/That/g'  ---- This command will replace all  "This" , "g" stands for "global"

Output:

That That That That

echo  This  This  This  This | sed  -e  's/This/That/2'  ---- This command will replace the second occurance of the word  "This" from the line , if more than one line exits then 2nd occurance from each line.

Output:

This That This This

Let's take the  file : fileName1:

This fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on week days.

This is my  town.

sed   -e  's/s/S/'   fileName1   --- replaces all the first occurance of "s" from each line to "S"

Output:

ThiS fruit is Red.

Sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on week dayS.

ThiS is my  town.

sed   -e   's/e/E/g'   fileName1  ---- replaces all "e" to "E"

This fruit is REd.

sunday is wEEkEnd.

fruit and vEgEtablE arE hEalthy.

WE havE work on wEEk days.

This is my  town.

echo  We are enjoying the weekend. | sed   -e   's/e/E/5g'   --- make changes from 5th occurance  from the line , if more than one line exits then from 5th occurance in  each line.

Output:

We are enjoying the wEEkEnd.

Divert the sed output  to a file , if the output file exits, it appends. If the output file does not exit, then it creates.

echo   Seven days in a week | sed   's/Seven/7/g'   >  sedFile.txt

No output will be displayed.

Lets  open the file sedFile.txt :

7 days in a week

sed   '4 s/e/E/'    fileName1   --- replace "e" with  "E"  , first occurance on 4th line only.

Output:

This fruit is Red.

 sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

WE have work on week days.

This is my  town.

sed   '4  s/e/E/g'    fileName1  --- replace all "e" with  "E"  on 4th line only.

Output:

This fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

WE havE work on wEEk days.

This is my  town.

sed    '2 , 4 s/e/EE/g'   fileName1  --- replace "e" with "EE"  from lines 2, 3, 4 .

This fruit is Red.

sunday is wEEEEkEEnd.

fruit and vEEgEEtablEE arEE hEEalthy.

WEE havEE work on wEEEEk days.

This is my  town.

sed   '3 , $   s/h/HH/g'   fileName1  --- --- replace "h" with "HH"  from line 3 to  last  line.

This fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are HHealtHHy.

We HHave work on week days.

THHis is my  town.

sed   -n  3p  fileName1  --- prints only 3rd line.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

sed   -n   2,4p   fileName1  ---  prints lines 2 to 4, ie, 2, 3, 4

sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on week days.

sed   -n   '2,$p'   fileName1  ---  prints lines 2 to last.

sed   4p  fileName1  ---  prints line 4 twice

This fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on week days.

We have work on week days.

This is my  town.

sed -e  's/week/WWWW/p'  fileName1  --- prints the affected lines twice.

This fruit is Red.

sunday is WWWWend.

sunday is WWWWend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on WWWW days.

We have work on WWWW days.

This is my  town.

sed -n  's/h/H/p'  fileName1   --- prints affected lines only.

THis fruit is Red.

fruit and vegetable are Healthy.

We Have work on week days.

THis is my  town.

sed  -i  's/t/TTT/ '  --- when used  "i"   like this , the sed command  makes changes  inside the file , does not  print the  output.

sed   -i    's/t/TTT/'   fileName1  --- does not show the output, let's see inside the file :

cat fileName1

This fruiTTT is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruiTTT and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on week days.

This is my  TTTown.

sed  -e  's/t/WW/gi'  fileName1   --- using "i"  like this, you can apply the expected change irrespective of the case , "i" removes the case sensitivity in this case.

WWhis fruiWW is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruiWW and vegeWWable are healWWhy.

We have work on week days.

WWhis is my  WWown.

sed  3d   fileName1   ---  deletes  3rd  line  from the  output  not from the file.

This fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

We have work on week days.

This is my  town.

sed  $d   fileName1   ---  deletes  last  line  from the  output  not from the file.

sed  '3,$d'   fileName1   ---  deletes  3rd  to last line  from the  output  not from the file.

Let's update fileName1 , blank/empty  lines have been added as below :

This fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

We have work on week days.

This is my  town.

sed   's/^$/**Empty Line**/g'  fileName1   ---   inserts  the given text in the empty lines.

This fruit is Red.

sunday is weekend.

**Empty Line**

fruit and vegetable are healthy.

**Empty Line**

We have work on week days.

This is my  town.

Let's create  a new file : fileName2  with below contents:

This this Theese thys  this

thes that ssys this gum iss ssyy

ssa thya syha this this ibm this shss sbss

sed  -e  's/this//g'  fileName2  --- deletes the given word in the output

This  Theese thys  

thes that ssys  gum iss ssyy

ssa thya syha   ibm  shss sbss

>> Kill Job or Process

Kill Job or Process :

you can kill a running process/job  by using "kill" command alongwith its  PID :

Let's  run   sleep   1000&  and then kill it :

sleep  1000&    click ENTER , after you click ENTER you get below information :

[1]    9019     where [1]  is the job number and 9019 is the process ID - PID

You can also get the PID using :  ps    or     ps  -e    or    ps  -ef

such as ,

if you click "ps" , you get below informaiton  :

  PID   TTY          TIME CMD

 4443 pts/1      00:00:00 bash

 9019 pts/1      00:00:00 sleep   ---- this the job/process which we need to kill.

 9048 pts/1      00:00:00 ps

" kill "   or  " kill  -9 "

Syntax :

kill  PID   click ENTER

kill  9019    click ENTER

now check the status of the job  sleep   1000&  by  using :  jobs    or     ps    or     ps  -e    or    ps  -ef

if you check the status with the command : "jobs',

it will show  " Terminated  " :

[1]+  Terminated              sleep 1000

if you check with the command "ps",

it will not show the job/process  like below :

  PID TTY          TIME CMD

 4443 pts/1    00:00:00 bash

 9218 pts/1    00:00:00 ps

In many situations , the job will not be terminated/killed  with only "kill" command. In such situation use "-9"  with "kill".

kill  -9   PID    click ENTER  --- this is killing the job/process forcefully.

kill  -9   9019   click ENTER

Now, if you check the status with the command job, it shows  "killed" :

[1]+  Killed                  sleep 1000

if you check with the command "ps",

it will not show the job/process  like  below :

  PID TTY          TIME CMD

 4443 pts/1    00:00:00 bash

 9218 pts/1    00:00:00 ps

>> ps command

"ps" command

ps - process status is used to see the status of running processes.

when noting is running and we enter "ps" then it displays :

  PID   TTY          TIME CMD

 4443  pts/1     00:00:00 bash

 4551  pts/1     00:00:00 ps

Where ,

PID :  is process ID

TTY :  is the name of the console or terminal into which the user is logged .

TIME  :  TIme in minute and seconds the process is being running in the CPU.

CMD is the name of the command that initiated the process .

Let's run below jobs and check with "ps" :

Job1:

sleep   100 &   click ENTER , it displays below information :

[1] 7642    ---- These are job number[1] and process ID (PID-7642)

job2:

sleep   105 &    click ENTER

[2] 7643

Check the status of the jobs by ENTERING the command "jobs" :

job  click ENTER

[1]-  Running                 sleep 100 &

[2]+  Running                 sleep 105 &

Now let's  check process status with the command  "ps" :

ps   click ENTER.

OutPut:

  PID TTY          TIME CMD

 4443 pts/1    00:00:00 bash

 7642 pts/1    00:00:00 sleep    --- first sleep command

 7643 pts/1    00:00:00 sleep    --- second sleep command

 7657 pts/1    00:00:00 ps

To see all the running/active process :  ps  -e  or ps -A

ps -e   click ENTER

Output :

  PID TTY          TIME CMD

    1 ?        00:00:03 init

    2 ?        00:00:00 migration/0

    .

    .

 3153 ?        00:00:00 hcid

 3159 ?        00:00:00 sdpd

 3181 ?        00:00:00 krfcommd

 3219 ?        00:00:02 pcscd

   .

   .

 4440 ?        00:00:04 gnome-terminal

 4442 ?        00:00:00 gnome-pty-helpe

 4443 pts/1    00:00:00 bash

 7642 pts/1    00:00:00 sleep

 7643 pts/1    00:00:00 sleep

 7658 pts/1    00:00:00 ps

To see the full list of all running processes : ps -ef

ps  -ef    click ENTER

OutPut:

UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD

root         1     0  0 Mar09 ?        00:00:03 init [5]                      

root         2     1  0 Mar09 ?        00:00:00 [migration/0]

68             3     1  0 Mar09 ?        00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]

.

.

xfs        4437     1  0 Mar09 ?        00:00:00 gnome-screensaver

ram      4440     1  0 Mar09 ?        00:00:04 gnome-terminal

ram      4442  4440  0 Mar09 ?        00:00:00 gnome-pty-helper

ram      4443  4440  0 Mar09 pts/1    00:00:00 bash

ram      7642  4443  0 00:26 pts/1    00:00:00 sleep 100

ram      7643  4443  0 00:26 pts/1    00:00:00 sleep 105

ram      7659  4443  0 00:26 pts/1    00:00:00 ps -ef

To search the process with a filter , you can use any filter from :

UID     ,   PID , PPID , C ,STIME TTY     TIME CMD

such as :

ps  -ef | grep   ram

ps  -ef | grep   4440

ps  -ef | grep   screensaver

ps  -ef | grep   00:00:04

Kill Process/Job

you can kill a running process/job  by using "kill" command alongwith its  PID :

Let's  run   sleep   1000&  and then kill it :

sleep  1000&    click ENTER , after you click ENTER you get below information :

[1]    9019     where [1]  is the job number and 9019 is the process ID - PID

You can also get the PID using :  ps    or     ps  -e    or    ps  -ef

such as ,

if you click "ps" , you get below informaiton  :

  PID   TTY          TIME CMD

 4443 pts/1      00:00:00 bash

 9019 pts/1      00:00:00 sleep   ---- this the job/process which we need to kill.

 9048 pts/1      00:00:00 ps

" kill "   or  " kill  -9 "

Syntax :

kill  PID   click ENTER

kill  9019    click ENTER

now check the status of the job  sleep   1000&  by  using :  jobs    or     ps    or     ps  -e    or    ps  -ef

if you check the status with the command : "jobs',

it will show  " Terminated  " :

[1]+  Terminated              sleep 1000

if you check with the command "ps",

it will not show the job/process  like below :

  PID TTY          TIME CMD

 4443 pts/1    00:00:00 bash

 9218 pts/1    00:00:00 ps

In many situations , the job will not be terminated/killed  with only "kill" command. In such situation use "-9"  with "kill".

kill  -9   PID    click ENTER  --- this is killing the job/process forcefully.

kill  -9   9019   click ENTER

Now, if you check the status with the command job, it shows  "killed" :

[1]+  Killed                  sleep 1000

if you check with the command "ps",

it will not show the job/process  like  below :

  PID TTY          TIME CMD

 4443 pts/1    00:00:00 bash

 9218 pts/1    00:00:00 ps